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- U.S. GDP grew 4.3% in Q3, exceeding forecasts of 3.3% growth.
- Consumer spending surged 3.5%, driven by electric vehicle purchases before tax credit expiration.
WASHINGTON — The U.S. economy grew faster than expected in the third quarter, driven by robust consumer spending, but momentum appears to have faded amid the rising cost of living and recent government shutdown.
Gross domestic product increased at a 4.3% annualized rate last quarter, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis said in its initial estimate of third-quarter GDP on Tuesday. The economy grew at a 3.8% pace in the second quarter. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast GDP would rise at a 3.3% pace.
The data was delayed by the 43-day government shutdown and is now outdated. Consumer spending increased at a 3.5% rate last quarter after advancing at a 2.5% pace in the second quarter.
Much of the consumer spending acceleration resulted from a rush to buy electric vehicles before the Sept. 30 expiration of tax credits. Motor vehicle sales dropped in October and November, while spending elsewhere was mixed.
The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office has estimated the shutdown could slice between 1.0 percentage point and 2.0 percentage points off GDP in the fourth quarter. It projected most of the GDP drop would be recovered, but estimated between $7 billion and $14 billion would not.
Higher-income households doing heavy lifting
Surveys suggest consumer spending is being driven by higher-income households, thanks to a stock market boom that has inflated household wealth. In contrast, middle- and lower-income consumers are struggling amid the rising cost of living resulting from President Donald Trump's sweeping tariffs, economists said, creating what they call a K-shaped economy.
That phenomenon also is playing out among businesses. Economists said large corporations have mostly managed to withstand the blow from the import duties, which have increased costs, and are investing in artificial intelligence. But smaller businesses are struggling with tariffs.
Trump's policies are contributing to what economists have termed an affordability crisis that is denting his approval ratings. Households also face higher utility bills as the rapid growth of AI and cloud computing data centers boosts electricity demand. Some will face skyrocketing health insurance premiums in 2026.
The Federal Reserve this month cut its benchmark overnight interest rate by another 25 basis points to the 3.50%-3.75% range, but signaled borrowing costs were unlikely to fall in the near term as policymakers await clarity on the direction of the labor market and inflation.
